tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22301931238322187082024-02-08T01:51:04.849-08:00BELLABella Zahidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09494241404224458911noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2230193123832218708.post-86239829068161432672012-05-22T09:21:00.000-07:002012-05-22T10:35:34.452-07:00ENERGY SAVING, ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">As we've been informed that all the school
books used to say, energy is the ability to do work. But what does that mean? Well it is sort
of means the ability to make something happen. Each time, a force is exerted on something through a distance
(which is the definition of work) something had to move, which means something
happened. But is that the definition of Energy? My thermo books say work is a
process of energy transfer. Not a single one of my numerous thermodynamics text
books says energy is "the ability to do work".
And what about heat flow? Energy can be transferred through heat flow just like when you put a pot of water on the stove and the water gets hotter.
Something might have surely happened. Something had changed. The water got hot and eventually,
if left on the hot stove long enough, will start to boil. What forces are involved
in this case? It doesn't appear to be anything being pushed through a distance.
Does there? Some of the more thoughtful text books are careful to explain that the ability
to do work applies to mechanical energy, not heat . But we're
not done yet. If you get to the really thoughtful text es) they will explain that what we call heat or heat flow is really the 35,000 foot view (macro level) of the result of trillions and trillions and trillions of interactions between atoms and molecules. At the atomic, or micro level, you can make the case that it looks a lot like work, as individual atomic particles are exchanging energy by doing work on each other</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /><span style="color: #741b47;"><b><i>Relevant Digression</i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">It's okay to admit we don't have everything perfectly sorted out. If we had all the answers we wouldn't nbooks (or web siteed science. When it comes to the definition of energy, I want you to realize that it is important,
but also to relax a little.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">
<br />
The fact is, <i><span style="color: #003366;">no one knows what Energy is!</span></i>
<br />
Really! No one knows <a href="http://www.ftexploring.com/me/everything.html" style="color: black;" target="_blank">what
ENERGY is</a><span style="color: black;">! </span><br />
<br />
We only know how to describe the characteristics of its various manifestations
mathmatically. The same is true of other physical phenomena, such as gravity.
The "ability to do work" is more of a characteristic of energy than
a definition. Don't you think? (Or what if we call it a "defining characteristic"?)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: #006666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b><i>There are Two Types of Energy - in Many Forms</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Despite all my nit-picking in the words above, most
scientists and engineers find it acceptable and useful to talk about chemical
and electrical and mechanical and magnetic energy and others. They also frequently
describe <b><span style="color: #003366;">internal energy</span></b> as heat or "heat
content" or "quantity of heat" as some of the older texts call
it . But it is helpful to understand why some people
say that all those other forms of energy are really types of kinetic energy or
potential energy being "expressed" in different ways .</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">
<br /><span style="color: #006666;"><b>Electrical energy</b></span>,
for example, is the flow of charged particles called electrons or ions. When electrons
are flowing through a wire or through hundreds of feet of air (an event we call
lightning) it is because they are being "pushed" or forced by an electrical
field. This field is caused by a difference in electrical charge. A force is exerted
on the electrons and they move. Work is done on the charged particles. A force
is pushing them through a distance. Actually, they are hopping from atom to atom,
being pushed by an electromotive force. While the electrons are moving they contain
kinetic energy. So at the itsy-bitsy atomic level electricity is a form of kinetic
energy. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">
<br /><span style="color: #006666;"><b>Mechanical energy</b></span>
is the useful way we sometimes refer to things like gears, engines, locomotives
pulling trains, canon balls flying through the air, or other examples of energy
in mechanical devices. But, of course, by now you see that all these moving parts
contain kinetic energy. They are really just different modes of kinetic energy
- the energy contained in a moving mass. In order to get these various objects
spinning or rolling, a force has to be exerted. Work is a force acting through
a distance, so the way they get moving and keep moving is by having work done
on them. Work is an energy transfer process.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">
<span style="color: #006666;"><b>Chemical energy</b></span>
is another term we use a lot. This is more vague. We say things like, "during
combustion, chemical energy is released". Hmmm. The term chemical energy
refers to energy that is stored in molecular bonds, the forces that hold molecules
together. So releasing chemical energy must mean the energy is finally free from
its molecular bonds. In the more general sense, of course, it is potential energy.
Stored energy, or energy that is "waiting to happen", or that has the
"potential" to happen, or that can happen but hasn't yet, is rather
sensibly called <b><span style="color: #006666;">potential energy</span></b>. As described in the photosynthesis section, carbohydrate molecules, used by living organisms for food (and other
things), store energy in their atomic bonds. Living cells release this stored
energy relatively slowly by a process called respiration. Some of the stored potential
energy becomes the kinetic energy of cell processes and muscle movement and some
of it becomes internal energy (often called heat). But now you know I should have
said, "some of stored energy is transferred by the heat process into the
internal energy of the cell. The cell is "warmed up" by increasing the
average energy of the cell molecules. Eventually, of course, all of it becomes
internal energy and then flows by heat transfer into the air and objects around
the organism. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">
<br />Enough examples. We get the idea. Maybe you can
think about some other forms. Unless you are writing a thermodynamics text book
it is probably okay to say there are more than two forms of energy and to use
the terms heat and work as if they are a type of energy. So when you find
me doing it in this web site, don't write me a nit-picky e-mail telling me heat
is a process, not a form of energy. I know. I know. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="color: #4c1130; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Energy saving</b></span><br />
<strong><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>Saving energy means decreasing the amount of energy used
while achieving a similar outcome of end use. Using less energy has
lots of benefits – you can save money and help the environment.
Generating energy requires precious natural resources, for instance
coal, oil or gas. Therefore, using less energy helps us to preserve
these resources and make them last longer in the future.</i></span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong>Why is it important to save energy?</strong> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">If
people use less energy, there is less pressure to increase the available
supply of energy, for example by constructing new power plants, or by
importing energy from a different country.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong>What does “life-cycle” mean? What does it have to do with energy use? </strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Nearly
all everyday products have an impact in terms of energy, especially
when you consider their energy requirements across the whole life-cycle:
production, use and end-of-life. In many cases the use phase is
dominating. Plastics, for example, are one of the most
resource-efficient materials available. In their use phase, plastics
products help to save more energy than is needed to produce them: For
example, when you choose a bottle of water packaged in a light weight
material such as plastic, remember that lighter packaging requires less
energy for transport. Thus, less fuel was used to power the truck that
delivered those plastic bottles.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><strong>What can I do to save energy?</strong> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">There are many
sources on the web that give you ideas of what you can do to save
energy. Here are a few ideas to get you started:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Change your travel behaviour, think more in terms of public
transportation, if possible, walk or ride your bicycle instead of taking
the car</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Reduce your house heat by 1C, keep the windows closed while heating, dress warmly</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Choose products that come with lightweight packaging</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Turn off lights and appliances when you are not using them, use energy-saving light bulbs</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Reuse plastic bags for shopping and storage</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Use a microwave instead of a stove to reheat food</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Use rechargeable batteries instead of disposable batteries</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<strong><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">What effect do materials have on the environment? </span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In
our daily life, we rely on many materials. Wood, metal, glass and
plastics all have environmental consequences. Think about the impact of
every product you use. For example, the lighter an object, the less fuel
is required to transport it. A heavy suitcase in the boot of a car will
require the car to consume more fuel during its journey. The same goes
for all product packaging. Therefore, buying food wrapped in lightweight
materials thus helps the environment.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Energy efficiency</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">America is in a desperate need to change its ways when it comes to
energy. With the war in the Middle East and the United States dependant
on their oil, America finds itself in a tough spot when it comes to
energy. Being dependent on another country, especially one that is at
war with can the country, be extremely unsettling when it comes to the
well being of a country. But America has one energy source that is
completely renewable, not dependent of other countries, and extremely
cheap. Energy Efficiency, reducing how much energy one uses. Technology
has made tremendous strides in created household goods, cars and homes
that use half of the energy old items used to. The amount of energy
saved can reduce drastically the rate of greenhouse gases surrounding
our planet. Although being energy efficient is a necessity for the well
being of our planet, the causes of the deterioration of earth are so
minute that society does not realize how easy and simple it would be to
undo the effects of wasting energy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Energy efficiency is the act of reducing the amount of energy being used in daily life.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b style="color: #4c1130;">Renewable sources of energy</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Renewable energy</b> is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomas, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydorelectricity.
New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal,
and biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ria21-0"><br /></a></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><i>Overview:</i></span></span></h2>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<div class="Bug6200" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Renewable energy is derived from natural processes
that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives
directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth.
Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar,
wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels
and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels and rural (off-grid) energy services<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ren15_16-0"></sup></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Power generation</b>. Renewable energy provides 19% of
electricity generation worldwide. Renewable power generators are spread
across many countries, and wind power alone already provides a
significant share of electricity in some areas: for example, 14% in the
U.S. state of Iowa, 40% in the northern German state of
Schleswig-Holstein, and 20% in Denmark. Some countries get most of their
power from renewables, including Iceland and Paraguay (100%), Norway
(98%), Brazil (86%), Austria (62%), New Zealand (65%), and Sweden (54%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ren53_17-0"></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Heating</b>. Solar hot water makes an important contribution to renewable heat in many countries, most notably in China, which now has 70% of the
global total (180 GWth). Most of these systems are installed on
multi-family apartment buildings and meet a portion of the hot water
needs of an estimated 50–60 million households in China. Worldwide,
total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating needs of over 70 million
households. The use of biomass for heating continues to grow as well. In
Sweden, national use of biomass energy has surpassed that of oil.
Direct geothermal for heating is also growing rapidly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ren53_17-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ren53-17"></a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><b>Transport fuels</b>. Renewable biofuels have contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the
United States since 2006. The 93 billion liters of biofuels produced
worldwide in 2009 displaced the equivalent of an estimated 68 billion
liters of gasoline, equal to about 5% of world gasoline production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ren53_17-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ren53-17"></a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for
promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power,
requiring utilities to use more renewable energy (even if this increases
the cost), and providing tax incentives to encourage the development
and use of such technologies. There is substantial optimism that
renewable energy investments will pay off economically in the long term.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Mainstream_forms_of_renewable_energy" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Mainstream forms of renewable energy</i></span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Wind_power" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small;">Wind power</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">A wind farm located in Manjil, Iran. </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Airflows can be used to run wind turbines</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">.
Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power,
although turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most
common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function
of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output
increases dramatically.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EWEA_19-0" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-EWEA-19"></a></sup><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Typical capacity factors</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites.</span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is
believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40
times current electricity demand. This could require wind turbines to be
installed over large areas, particularly in areas of higher wind
resources. Offshore resources experience average wind speeds of ~90%
greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute
substantially more energy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-22"></a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Hydropower" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small;">Hydropower</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"></span></div>
<br />
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Coulee_Dam.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="177" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Grand_Coulee_Dam.jpg/220px-Grand_Coulee_Dam.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="220" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia
River in the U.S. state of Washington. The dam supplies four power stations
with an installed capacity of 6,809 MW and is the largest electric
power-producing facility in the United States. Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about
800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea
swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water
energy: Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale
hydroelectric dams. Examples are the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington State and
the Akosombo Dam in Ghana. Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power
installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used
in water rich areas as a remote-area power supply (RAPS). Run-of-the-river
hydroelectricity systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without
using a dam.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<ul>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Solar_energy" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small;">Solar energy</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Monocrystalline solar cell.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klassieren.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="226" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Klassieren.jpg/170px-Klassieren.jpg" width="170" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar
or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and
distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of
photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Biomass" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small;">Biomass</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it contains comes from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis,
plants capture the sun's energy. When the plants are burnt, they
release the sun's energy they contain. In this way, biomass functions as
a sort of natural battery for storing solar energy. As long as biomass
is produced sustainably, with only as much used as is grown, the battery
will last indefinitely.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ucsfs_23-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ucsfs-23"></a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In general there are two main approaches to using plants for energy
production: growing plants specifically for energy use (known as first
and third-generation biomass), and using the residues (known as
second-generation biomass) from plants that are used for other things. The best approaches vary from region to region according to climate, soils and geography.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Biofuel" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small;">Biofuel</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Brazil has biothenol made from sugarcane available throughout the country. Shown a typical Petrobas gas station at Sao Paulo with dual fuel service, marked A for alcohol (ethanol) and G for gasoline.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg/220px-Sao_Paulo_ethanol_pump_04_2008_74_zoom.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="220" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Liquid biofuels include bioalcohols, such as bioethanol, and oils, such as biodiesel. Gaseous biofuels include biogas, landfill gas and synthetic gas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from
sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed,
cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as
feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for
vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in
its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce
levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from
diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's transport fuel in 2010<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ren212011_25-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ren212011-25">.</a></sup></span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Geothermal_energy" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: small;">Geothermal energy</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/220px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" width="220" /></a><br />
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Steam rising from the Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station in Iceland. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26">.</sup> The geothermal gradient,
which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet
and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the
form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective <i>geothermal</i> originates from the Greek roots <i>geo</i>, meaning earth, and <i>thermos</i>, meaning heat.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be stored deep within
the Earth, all the way down to Earth’s core – 4,000 miles down. At the
core, temperatures may reach over 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat
conducts from the core to surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature
and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is commonly known as magma.
Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. This
magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 700
degrees Fahrenheit <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-27"></a></sup></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">From hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known for electricity generation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><u>BY BELLA ZAHID </u></i></span></div>
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<br />Bella Zahidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09494241404224458911noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2230193123832218708.post-19206518478803273472012-04-10T23:21:00.001-07:002012-04-10T23:21:15.248-07:00Finally | Akhirnya<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Assalamualaikum , penaipan yang kedua pada bulan April . Akhirnya , blog telah siap dimake-up dengan gumbiraanya . :) Dekat sidebar ni taknak penuh - penuh sangat menatang yang melekat , nnti serabut gila biba pulak lan --" Dengan erti kata lain , sila menjadi follower yang baik hati yer :D<br /><br />
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Assalamualaikum .<br /><br /></div>
</div>Bella Zahidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09494241404224458911noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2230193123832218708.post-85887770394285809072012-04-10T06:15:00.001-07:002012-04-10T06:38:02.471-07:00Pembuka Blog<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Assalamualaikum , dengan riaknya ingin memulakan penaipan pada hari ini . Pertama kali menghupdate blog untuk blog yang mati segan hidup tak mahu ini . #Peace . Jika ada salah dan silap , Maaaafkan sayaaa .<br /><br />Dengan nama yang diberi oleh ibu bapa tersayang iaitu Wan Nabilah Binti Wan Md Zahid , dan berumur 19 tahun . dididik dan dibesarkan sehingga sampai ke tahap ini , dan masih belajar di Pusat Persediaan Universiti Kota Bharu telah pun menubuhkan blog pada 10 April 2012 dengan hati yang terbuka . Blog ini dicreate oleh adik kesayangan iaitu Bekas Blogger yang telah lama berada dalam arena Blogger ini iaitu NazmieyCullen .<br /><br />Diharap ramai yang dapat meluangkan masa ketika online untuk menjeguk atau menjadi follower yang baik hati dan segak lagi handsome dan lawa :)<br /><br />Dengan erti kata lain , Selamat menjamu selera dengan post - post yang akan ditaip selepas ini :)<br /><br />
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Assalamualaikum .<br /><br /></div>
</div>Bella Zahidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09494241404224458911noreply@blogger.com0